Definition and Examples of Politeness Strategies

In sociolinguistics  and  conversation analysis (CA), politeness strategies are  speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem (face) in particular social contexts. Positive Politeness Strategies Positive politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by highlighting friendliness. These strategies include juxtaposing criticism with compliments, establishing common ground, and using jokes, nicknames, honorifics, tag questions, special discourse markers (please), and in-group jargon and slang. Negative Politeness Strategies Negative political strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by showing deference. These strategies include questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions. The Face Saving Theory of Politeness The best known and most widely used approach to the study of politeness is the framework introduced by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson in Questions and Politeness (1978); reissued with corrections as Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987). Brown and Levinsons theory of linguistic politeness is sometimes referred to as the face-saving theory of politeness. Examples and Observations Shut up! is rude, even ruder than Keep quiet! In the polite version, Do you think you would mind keeping quiet: this is, after all, a library, and other people are trying to concentrate, everything in italics is extra. It is there to soften the demand, giving an impersonal reason for the request, and avoiding the brutally direct by the taking of trouble. Conventional grammar takes little account of such strategies, even though we are all masters of both making and understanding the signs that point to what is going on beneath the surface.(Margaret Visser, The Way We Are. HarperCollins, 1994)Professor, I was wondering if you could tell us about the Chamber of Secrets.(Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, 2002)Would you mind stepping aside? I got a purchase to make.(Eric Cartman in Cartmanland.  South Park, 2001)Sir, the gentleman asked with a twang in his voice that was unmistakably Southern, would it bother you terribly  if I joined you?(Harold Coyle, Look Away. S imon Schuster, 1995)  Laurence, said Caroline, I dont think Im going to be much help to you at Ladylees.  Ive had enough holiday-making.  Ill stay for a couple of days but I want to get back to London and do some work, actually. Sorry to change my mind but--Go to hell, Laurence said. Kindly go to hell.(Muriel Spark,  The Comforters. Macmillan, 1957)   A Definition of Politeness What exactly is politeness? In one sense, all politeness can be viewed as deviation from maximally efficient communication; as violations (in some sense) of Grice’s (1975) conversational maxims [see cooperative principle]. To perform an act other than in the most clear and efficient manner possible is to implicate some degree of politeness on the part of the speaker. To request another to open a window by saying â€Å"It’s warm in here† is to perform the request politely because one did not use the most efficient means possible for performing this act (i.e., â€Å"Open the window†). . . .Politeness allows people to perform many inter-personally sensitive actions in a nonthreatening or less threatening manner.There are an infinite number of ways in which people can be polite by performing an act in a less than optimal manner, and Brown and Levinson’s typology of five superstrategies is an attempt to capture some of these essential differences.(Thomas Holtgraves, Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002) Orienting to Different Kinds of Politeness People who grow up in communities that are more oriented to negative face wants and negative politeness may find that they are perceived as aloof or cold if they move somewhere where positive politeness is emphasized more. They may also mistake some of the conventionalised positive politeness routines as being expressions of genuine friendship or closeness . . .. Conversely, people accustomed to paying attention to positive face wants and using positive politeness strategies may find that they come across as unsophisticated or vulgar if they find themselves in a community that is more oriented to negative face wants.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics. Routledge, 2006) Variables in Degrees of Politeness Brown and Levinson list three sociological variables that speakers employ in choosing the degree of politeness to use and in calculating the amount of threat to their own face: (i) the social distance of the speaker and hearer (D);(ii) the relative power of the speaker over the hearer (P);(iii) the absolute ranking of impositions in the particular culture (R). The greater the social distance between the interlocutors (e.g., if they know each other very little), the more politeness is generally expected. The greater the (perceived) relative power of hearer over speaker, the more politeness is recommended. The heavier the imposition made on the hearer (the more of their time required, or the greater the favour requested), the more politeness will generally have to be used.(Alan Partington, The Linguistics of Laughter: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Laughter-Talk. Routledge, 2006) Positive and Negative Politeness Brown and Levinson (1978/1987) distinguish between positive and negative politeness. Both types of politeness involve maintaining--or redressing threats to--positive and negative face, where positive face is defined as the addressees perennial desire that his wants . . . should be thought of as desirable (p. 101), and negative face as the addressees want to have his freedom of action unhindered and his attention unimpeded (p. 129).(Almut Koester, Investigating Workplace Discourse. Routledge, 2006) Common Ground [C]ommon ground, information perceived to be shared among communicators, is important not only for gauging what information is likely to be already known versus new, but also to carry a message of interpersonal relationships. Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that claiming common ground in communication is a major strategy of positive politeness, which is a series of conversational moves that recognise the partners needs and wants in a way that shows they represent a commonality, such as a commonality of knowledge, attitudes, interests, goals, and in-group membership.(Anthony Lyons et al., Cultural Dynamics of Stereotypes. Stereotype Dynamics: Language-Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance, and Transformation of Stereotypes, ed. by Yoshihisa Kashima, Klaus Fiedler, and Peter Freytag. Psychology Press, 2007) The Lighter Side of Politeness Strategies Page Conners: [bursting into Jacks bar] I want my purse, jerk-off!Jack Withrowe: Thats not very friendly. Now, I want you to go back out, and this time, when you kick the door open, say something nice.(Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Lee in Heartbreakers, 2001)

Business Continuity Plan For Acme Print Shop - 1304 Words

Purpose This business continuity plan has been created to prepare Acme print shop for any future events that could cause an extended service outage that could be caused by factors that are beyond their control (e.g., human-error/caused events or natural disasters). This plan will describe in detail the identified internal and external threats. Ways in which this organization can maintain its risks. This plan will describe the risks that are foreseen, as well as the importance of training staff on the potential risks. Finally recommendations will be made for improving the plans effectiveness and what could at risk when executing the plan. Assumptions Wherever you have multiple connections that can be used to access the Internet for the purpose of performing business transactions such as sales, you introduce another potential weak link that could be exploited. The Acme print shop uses connections that could be easily compromised and expose them to many different internal and external threats. What makes them so vulnerable for attack is the particular mixture of fixed and portable connection such as: the satellite that is used for its internet connection, the cellular phones and portable storage devices used, as well as the low power wireless networks and Bluetooth devices, that can be a challenge when trying to secure the transfer of transaction data from these multiple streams. Identified internal and external threats There are many identifiable internal and externalShow MoreRelatedHistory of Film6962 Words   |  28 PagesThat same year in May, in the USA, Eugene Augustin Lauste devised his Eidoloscope for the Latham family. But the first public screening of film ever is due to Jean Aimà © Acme Le Roy, a French photographer. On February 5, 1894, his 40th birthday, he presented his Marvellous Cinematograph to a group of around twenty show business men in New York City. The movies of the time were seen mostly via temporary storefront spaces and traveling exhibitors or as acts in vaudeville programs. A film couldRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 Pagesinformation technology (IT) inï ¬â€šuences accounting systems. 3. Be familiar with suspicious activity reporting. 4. Understand how ï ¬ nancial reporting is changing with advances in IT, such as XBRL. 5. Appreciate how IT allows management accountants to use business intelligence to create dashboards and scorecards. 6. Know why auditors provide a variety of assurance services. 7. Be more aware of what is new in the area of accounting information systems. 8. Be familiar with career opportunities that combine accountingRead MoreMarketing Channel44625 Words   |  179 Pagesmodern D) customer-driven E) task-driven Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 344 Skill: Concept Objective: 12-2 25) A corporate VMS has the advantage of controlling the entire distribution chain under ________. A) a profit-maximizing strategic plan B) single ownership C) mass distribution D) a few intermediaries E) little control Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 344 Skill: Concept Objective: 12-2 26) Which of the following are the three major types of vertical marketing systems? A)Read MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesGirro@qq.com PREFACE Introduction to Materials Management is an introductory text written for students in community colleges and universities. It is used in technical programs, such as industrial engineering and manufacturing engineering; in business programs; and by those already in industry, whether or not they are working in materials management. This text has been widely adopted by colleges and universities not only in North America but also in other parts of the world. APICS—The AssociationRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth –Read MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesChapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Annexure I : : : : : : : : Introduction: Why Entrepreneurship What Motivates Entrepreneurship Socio-cultural Factors Access to Early Stage Finance Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Business Environment for Entrepreneurship Conclusion: Encouraging Entrepreneurship List of Stakeholders and Details of Entrepreneurs Surveyed Entrepreneurship Proï ¬ les Methodology List of Resources Glossary vii viii 1 9 21 29 49 71 89 97 105 163 165 169

Organization Structure of the Pubudu Construction Essay Example For Students

Organization Structure of the Pubudu Construction Essay Organization Structure of the Pubudu Construction Maga Engineering PVT Ltd is the 1 of the most valued and trusted big Construction Company in Srilanka. It has been ranked as a one of the C-1 class by the ICTAD ( Institution for Construction Training and Development ) inconstruction of Buildings, Bridges, Roads A ; Water Supply A ; Drainage. Building building, infrastructural and design and build solutions are delivered by Maga Engineering PVT Ltd with economic system, elegance and long-run sustainability in head by this company. It is besides recognized as one of the top 10 companies in the buildings industry in Sri Lanka. Vision: To be the mostcompetitiveconstruction firmin Sri Lanka. Mission: Magais excellence driven and committed to guarantee the satisfaction ofcustomer demands with uttermost attention, by invariably supplying quality merchandises and services at low-cost monetary values, therefore making a just and turning return to our organisation, an inspiring workplace and a continued sense of security to our employees, enabling us to lend to society in promoting thequality of life.† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maga.lk/ ? page_id=5 We will write a custom essay on Organization Structure of the Pubudu Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The caput office of the Maga Engineering PVT Ltd has been located on No.200, Nawala Road, Narahenpita, Colombo-05. Mr.M.G. Kularatne is the president of this company. Maga Engineering PVT Ltd was established in 1984. Within short period of 30 old ages in the buildings, this company had achieved broad assurance industry in Sri Lanka. During last 29 old ages Maga Engineering PVT Ltd had successfully undertaken and carried out authorities, semi authorities and private sector undertakings of a really high profile, In the field of edifice buildings, route and span buildings and H2O supply. There are more than 10,000 employees has been employed at the Maga Engineering PVT Ltd. The work force of this company is 10,350. There over more than 50 senior undertaking directors, 240 alumnus applied scientists including interior decorators, measure surveyors, contrivers, and technicians and more than 7000 craftsmen. And besides to develop the the company’s productiveness, theis company provide the best preparation to the employees. For a illustration, â€Å"Its developing academy trained more than 1200 craftsmen in 2012.† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maga.lk/ ? page_id=5 This company is in ownership of a big scope of modern vehicles, equipments, machinery and other accoutrements required to execute high degree of buildings. The processs of office, accounting and human resources direction are wholly computerized at this company. It is committed to upgrade the machineries like human resources in supports with the demand at planetary and local degree. Sri Lanka’s first National Green Award had been archived by Maga Engineering PVT Ltd for the Private andPublic Sectorat theinauguralNational Green Awards. A record of 57 National Construction awards had been won by Maga Engineering PVT Ltd has within a span of 20 old ages. Additional key informations of the company Accreditations: ISO9001, ISO14001, OHSAS18001, Superbrands Annual Coverage: Sustainability ReportingGuidelines, GRI G4 Hearers: HLB Edirisinghe A ; Co Organization Structure of the Maga Engineering PVT Ltd Business control processs of the Maga Engineering PVT Ltd Bamini Engineers and Contractors is a 1 of the medium sized company in Srilanka. And besides it is one of the taking edifice building companies in Jaffna. It is located in No. 22, Irupalai Road, Kondavil, Jaffna. It was established on 1975. The laminitis of the Bamini Engineers and Contractors is Mr. J. E. Balasundaram. And besides he is the Pull offing manager still now. He is the President of the Northern Province Building Contractors brotherhood. Bamini Engineers and Contractors has been rated by as C-4 grade company ICTAD in Building and route building. â€Å"In these 39 old ages Bamini Engineers and Contractors has successfully engaged in building authorities edifices in the Jaffna peninsula.† hypertext transfer protocol: //archives.dailynews.lk/2011/10/06/bus25.asp. This company’s stiff competition in the building industry had been stalled in the war period of the Srilanka. And besides this company was unable to make the building undertakings in Jaffna or other country. But after the 30 twelvemonth Srilankan war, this company got many building undertakings in rehabilitation procedure and dining touristry industry activities. .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 , .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .postImageUrl , .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 , .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:hover , .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:visited , .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:active { border:0!important; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:active , .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40 .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bd925f8e94df7eb2bb3222b10deda40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: With reference to one specific area of the media d EssayThere are more than 115 authorities edifices has been built by Bamini Engineers and Contractors in Jaffna. For the illustration, presently the building of Jaffna Secretariat and the Labour Department of Jaffna has been undertaken by this company. There are more than 75 people working at here as a lasting staffs such as Engineer, Quantity Surveyor, Accountant, Architect and etc. The Bamini Engineers and Contractors has good resources, manpower and ability to build modern edifices in the state. But most of the building undertakings of this company are based on Jaffna country. Recently the Bamini Engineers and Contractors has awarded the gold award in the Construction Industry at the Ceylon National Chamber of Industries ( CNCI ) Achiever Awards 2011. Pubudu Construction is a 1 of the little sized company in Construction Industry of the Srilanka. It has presently located at No.52/596, Bandaranayakha Mawaththa, Anuradhapura. It was established on 1995. Mr. Mr. Pubudu Kamal Perera is the laminitis of this company. It is partnership type organisation. Pubudu Constructions is registered in ICTAD ( Institution of Construction Training and Development ) on 21st October 1998. This company’s ICTAD registered figure is 5741. It was rated under c-6 class which is maximal class of the little sized organisation by ICTAD. â€Å"Mission of the Company: Pubudu Constructions strives to offer the finestquality design, site readying, cost estimations, building, fix, and change to clients necessitating big graduated table building services, whether it be office edifices, warehouses, big flat composites, public plants, etc. Pubudu building maintains the highest criterions of service in thecommercial constructionindustry in Sri Lanka.† hypertext transfer protocol: //pubuduconstructions.wordpress.com/ Pubudu Construction’s initial capital was around Rs. 500,000/= . There is about 10 employees are working here as a lasting staffs. The figure of the labors will be depends on the size of the undertaking. Pubudu Construction has provided the comprehensive services such as building work, allowing, cement foundations, reconstructing and changes, plumbing and repairing, picture, woodworking, and site readying. In add-on, accomplishments Pubudu Constructions deficiencies can be subcontracted to complete the undertaking. The Pubudu Constructions had successfully completed the particular preparation at CHPB ( The cardinal for lodging planning and edifice ) in site readying, site measuring, Bill readying and tendering for the medium and little graduated table contractors.This company had achieved National buildings Association Merit Awards of 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011. A Excellency award besides achieved by this company in edifice and route Fieldss. Business control processs of the Pubudu Construction Pubudu construction’s monthly site meetings on all undertakings attended by Pull offing Director ( proprietor ) .

lady lazarus Essay Example

lady lazarus Essay Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath Lady Lazarus is a poem by Sylvia Plath, which is about the three attempts of suicide of the narrator who corresponds to the poetess in many ways. And Lazarus is considered as a man, at the command of Jesus, who rises from the dead, in the Testament of the Bible. The poem starts by telling us that she had done it again. We do not know what this â€Å"it† is yet. In every decade, she manages to do this act that we do not know what it is about. The narrator sees herself as a walking miracle and describes it with a bright skin, a paperweight right foot and a face looks like Jew linen. She speaks to an unidentified enemy and says that her â€Å"sour breath will vanish in a day†. We see that she compares herself to a victim of Holocaust and states that she is 30 years old and like a cat, she has nine lives. Later on we understand that â€Å"it† connotes to dying, but she keeps returning to life again and again like a cat. In her first attem pt to suicide, it was an accident she says, and the second one was intentional. She did not expect to return from it. She thinks â€Å"dying† is an art -like everything else- and believes that she does it well. It is like a theatrical event for her and thinks that everyone comes to see her doing it. In fact, it seems like she’s performing the third suicide in front of a crowd (which she explains â€Å"peanut-crunching crowd†) in a place which seems like a circus. Then she thinks that she has been burning to death in a crematorium in Concentration Camp. At the end of the poem she warns â€Å"Herr God† and â€Å"Herr Lucifer† to beware, because she is going to rise again from the ash and â€Å"eat men like air†. This poem of Plath’s is so dark and full of death imageries. It is estimated that this poem could be an autobiography because she is known for her suicidal acts, and she had committed suicide by sticking her head in a gas oven s hortly after writing this poem. The